Peter Abelard
Jane Addams
Alfred Adler
Theodor Adorno
Albert the Great
Samuel Alexander
Louis Althusser
Anaxagoras
Anaximander
Anaximenes
G.E.M. Anscombe
Susan B. Anthony
Antisthenes
Kwame Anthony Appiah
Archimedes
Hannah Arendt
Aristippus
D.M. Armstrong
Antoine Arnauld
Kenneth Arrow
John Austin
A. J. Ayer
Charles Babbage
Gaston Bachelard
Francis Bacon
Roger Bacon
Annette Baier
Kurt Baier
Mikhail Bakunin
Thomas Bayes
Jeremy Bentham
Nicolai Berdyaev
Henri Bergson
Isaiah Berlin
Brand Blanshard
Boethius
Boetius of Dacia
Niels Bohr
Bernard Bolzano
Bonaventure
George Boole
Susan Bordo
Bernard Bosanquet
Robert Boyle
F. H. Bradley
Franz Brentano
C. D. Broad
Giordano Bruno
Martin Buber
Jean Buridan
Edmund Burke
Joseph Butler
Edward Caird
Albert Camus
Georg Cantor
Rudolf Carnap
Carneades
Lewis Carroll
Ernst Cassirer
Margaret Cavendish
Pierre Charron
Roderick Chisholm
Noam Chomsky
Chrysippus
Alonzo Church
Cicero
Hélène Cixous
Samuel Clarke
W. K. Clifford
Catherine Cockburn
R.G. Collingwood
Auguste Comte
Étienne de Condillac
Anne Conway
Nicolas Copernicus
Géraud de Cordemoy
Hasdai Crescas
Benedetto Croce
Ralph Cudworth
Richard Cumberland
Nicolas of Cusa
Jean d'Alembert
Mary Daly
Charles Darwin
Donald Davidson
Dorothy Day
Richard Dedekind
Gilles Deleuze
Democritus
Augustus DeMorgan
Daniel Dennett
Jacques Derrida
Baron d'Holbach
Denis Diderot
Wilhelm Dilthey
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Diogenes
W.E.B. Dubois
Pierre Duhem
Michael Dummett
Émile Durkheim
Ronald Dworkin
Meister Eckhart
Umberto Eco
Albert Einstein
Elizabeth of Bohemia
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Empedocles
Friedrich Engels
Desiderius Erasmus
Eratosthenes
John Scotus Erigena
Euclid
Leonhard Euler
al-Farabi
Herbert Feigl
Pierre de Fermat
Ludwig Feuerbach
Paul Feyerabend
Richard Feynman
Fibonacci
Johann Fichte
Marsillio Ficino
Robert Filmer
Michel Foucault
Simon Foucher
Joseph Fourier
Gottlob Frege
Sigmund Freud
Margaret Fuller
H.-G. Gadamer
Galileo Galilei
Mahatma Gandhi
Pierre Gassendi
C. F. Gauss
John Gay
Gersonides
Edmund Gettier
Arnold Geulincx
al-Ghazali
Carol Gilligan
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Joseph Glanvill
Kurt Gödel
William Godwin
Emma Goldman
Nelson Goodman
Antonio Gramsci
T.H. Green
Paul Grice
Robert Grosseteste
Hugo Grotius
Jürgen Habermas
William Hamilton
Stuart Hampshire
Donna Haraway
Sandra Harding
R.M. Hare
H.L.A. Hart
David Hartley
Nicolai Hartmann
Friedrich Hayek
Werner Heisenberg
Virginia Held
Helvetius
Carl Hempel
Heraclitus
Herbert of Cherbury
David Hilbert
Hippias
Sarah Lucia Hoagland
Douglas Hofstadter
bell hooks
Grace Hopper
Max Horkheimer
Karen Horney
Edmund Husserl
Francis Hutcheson
Hypatia
Ibn Daud
Ibn Gabirol
Ibn Rushd
Ibn Sina
Roman Ingarden
Luce Irigaray
Karl Jaspers
Thomas Jefferson
C. G. Jung
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Hans Kelsen
Garth Kemerling
Johannes Kepler
John Maynard Keynes
Jaegwon Kim
al-Kindi
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Saul Kripke
Julia Kristeva
Queen Kristina
Thomas Kuhn
Jacques Lacan
Imre Lakatos
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Julien La Mettrie
Susanne Langer
P. S. de Laplace
Michèle Le Dœuff
Keith Lehrer
V. I. Lenin
G. E. Lessing
Leucippus
C. I. Lewis
N.I. Lobachevsky
Peter Lombard
Konrad Lorenz
Rudolf Hermann Lotze
A.O. Lovejoy
Lucretius
Gyorgy Lukacs
Jan Lukasiewicz
Rosa Luxemburg
J.-F. Lyotard
Ernst Mach
J.M.E. McTaggart
Moses Maimonides
Nicolas Malebranche
Thomas Malthus
Benoit Mandelbrot
Bernard Mandeville
Mao Zedong
Gabriel Marcel
Marcus Aurelius
Herbert Marcuse
Jacques Maritain
Marsilius of Padua
Damaris Masham
George Herbert Mead
Alexius Meinong
Gregor Mendel
Moses Mendelssohn
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Marin Mersenne
Mary Midgley
James Mill
Marvin Minsky
Michel de Montaigne
Baron de la Montesquieu
Henry More
Thomas More
Ernest Nagel
Thomas Nagel
Otto Neurath
Isaac Newton
Pierre Nicole
Nel Noddings
John Norris
Robert Nozick
Martha Nussbaum
William of Ockham
José Ortega y Gasset
Rudolf Otto
Thomas Paine
William Paley
Paracelsus
Vilfredo Pareto
Parmenides
Blaise Pascal
Giuseppe Peano
Ralph Barton Perry
Philo Judaeus
Pico della Mirandola
Max Planck
Plotinus
Jules Henri Poincare
George Polya
Karl Popper
Porphyry
H.H. Price
Richard Price
H.A. Prichard
Protagoras
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P.-J. Proudhon
Samuel Pufendorf
Hilary Putnam
Pyrrho of Elis
Pythagoras
Frank Ramsey
Petrus Ramus
Ayn Rand
John Rawls
Tom Regan
Pierre Régis
Hans Reichenbach
Thomas Reid
Paul Ricouer
Bernhard Riemann
David George Ritchie
Jacques Rohault
Richard Rorty
W.D. Ross
Josiah Royce
Sara Ruddick
Gaon Saadiah
Comte de Saint-Simon
George Santayana
Ferdinand de Saussure
F.W.J. von Schelling
Friedrich Schiller
Friedrich Schleiermacher
Moritz Schlick
Arthur Schopenhauer
Erwin Schrödinger
John Duns Scotus
John Searle
Wilfrid Sellars
Seneca
Seth Pringle-Pattison
Sextus Empiricus
Shaftesbury
Henry Sidgwick
Siger of Brabant
Peter Singer
B.F. Skinner
J.J.C. Smart
Adam Smith
Madeleine de Souvré
Herbert Spencer
Madame de Staël
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
C.L. Stevenson
Dugald Stewart
P.F. Strawson
Francisco Suarez
Alfred Tarski
Harriet Taylor
Teresa of Avila
Thales
Judith Jarvis Thomson
H.D. Thoreau
Paul Tillich
Timon of Philius
John Toland
Leon Trotsky
Sojourner Truth
Alan Turing
Miguel de Unamuno
Hans Vaihinger
Lorenzo Valla
Thorsten Veblen
John Venn
Giambattista Vico
Voltaire
John von Neumann
Friedrich Waismann
J. B. Watson
Max Weber
Simone Weil
Cornel West
Richard Whately
William Whewell
Alfred North Whitehead
Edward O. Wilson
John Cook Wilson
John Wisdom
Christian Wolff
Xenocrates
Xenophanes
Xenophon
Zeno of Citium
Zeno of Elea
Ernest Zermelo
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